ＧＲＥ全真考試題五

　It is frequently assumed that the　mechanization of work has a　revolutionary effect on the lives of the　people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the　machines　have been introduced. For example, it　has been suggested that the employment　of women in industry took them out of　the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position　in society. In the nineteenth century,　when women began to enter factories,　Jules Simon, a French politician, warned　that by doing so, women would give up) their femininity. Friedrich Engels,　however, predicted that women would be　liberated from the "social, legal, and　economic subordination" of the family by　technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole　female sex . . . into public industry."　Observers thus differed concerning the　social desirability of mechanization s　effects, but they agreed that it would transform women s lives.

　　Historians, particularly those　investigating the history of women, now　seriously question this assumption of　transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations　as the spinning jenny, the sewing　machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum　cleaner have not resulted in equally　dramatic social changes in women s economic position or in the prevailing　evaluation of women s work. The　employment of young women in textile　mills during the Industrial Revolution　was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single　women as domestics. It was not the　change in office technology, but rather　the separation of secretarial work,　previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative　work that in the 1880 s created a new　class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth　considered "women s work." The increase　in the numbers of married women emp- loyed outside the home in the twentieth　century had less to do with the　mechanization of housework and an　increase i

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