The Dutch N-cascade in the European perspective

The Netherlands is "well known" for its nitrogen problems; it has one of the highest reactive nitrogen (Nr) emission densities in the world. It is a small country at the delta of several large European rivers. Ever since the industrial revolution, there has been a growing excess of nutrients and related emissions into the atmosphere (ammonia, nitrogen oxides and nitrous oxide)and into groundwater and surface water (nitrate), leading to a large range of cascading environmental impacts. Vehicular traffic, sewage and animal husbandry are the main sources of oxidized and reduced forms of Nr. This paper provides an overview of the origin and fate of nitrogen in the Netherlands, the various reported impacts of nitrogen, the Dutch and European policies to reduce nitrogen emissions and related impacts. In addition, ways are presented to go forward to potentially solve the problems in a European perspective. Solutions include the improvement of nitrogen efficiencies in different systems, technological options and education.

作 者： Jan Willem Erisman Nelleke Domburg Wim de Vries Hans Kros Bronno de Haan Kaj Sanders   作者單位： Jan Willem Erisman,Nelleke Domburg(Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, ECN, P.O.Box 1, 1755 ZG Petten, the Netherlands)

Wim de Vries,Hans Kros(Alterra Green World Research, P.O.box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands)

Bronno de Haan(RIVM, P.O.Box 1,3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands)

Kaj Sanders(Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, VROM, the Netherlands) 

刊 名： 中國(guó)科學(xué)C輯（英文版）  SCI 英文刊名： SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES C (LIFE SCIENCES)  年，卷(期)： 2005 48(z2)  分類號(hào)： P5  關(guān)鍵詞： reactive nitrogen   policy   technology   measures   agriculture   Europe   emission   fluxes  

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